summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/util/cbfstool/cbfstool.c
blob: a84601ec14763630edd4671e16eed334757ea330 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
/* cbfstool, CLI utility for CBFS file manipulation */
/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include "common.h"
#include "cbfs.h"
#include "cbfs_image.h"
#include "cbfs_sections.h"
#include "elfparsing.h"
#include "partitioned_file.h"
#include "lz4/lib/xxhash.h"
#include <commonlib/bsd/cbfs_private.h>
#include <commonlib/bsd/compression.h>
#include <commonlib/bsd/metadata_hash.h>
#include <commonlib/fsp.h>
#include <commonlib/endian.h>
#include <commonlib/helpers.h>
#include <commonlib/region.h>
#include <vboot_host.h>

struct command {
	const char *name;
	const char *optstring;
	int (*function) (void);
	// Whether to populate param.image_region before invoking function
	bool accesses_region;
	// This set to true means two things:
	// - in case of a command operating on a region, the region's contents
	//   will be written back to image_file at the end
	// - write access to the file is required
	bool modifies_region;
};

static struct param {
	partitioned_file_t *image_file;
	struct buffer *image_region;
	const char *name;
	const char *filename;
	const char *fmap;
	const char *region_name;
	const char *source_region;
	const char *bootblock;
	const char *ignore_section;
	const char *ucode_region;
	uint64_t u64val;
	uint32_t type;
	uint32_t baseaddress;
	/*
	 * Input can be negative. It will be transformed to offset from start of region (if
	 * negative) and stored in baseaddress.
	 */
	long long int baseaddress_input;
	uint32_t baseaddress_assigned;
	uint32_t loadaddress;
	uint32_t headeroffset;
	/*
	 * Input can be negative. It will be transformed to offset from start of region (if
	 * negative) and stored in baseaddress.
	 */
	long long int headeroffset_input;
	uint32_t headeroffset_assigned;
	uint32_t entrypoint;
	uint32_t size;
	uint32_t alignment;
	uint32_t pagesize;
	uint32_t cbfsoffset;
	/*
	 * Input can be negative. It will be transformed to corresponding region offset (if
	 * negative) and stored in baseaddress.
	 */
	long long int cbfsoffset_input;
	uint32_t cbfsoffset_assigned;
	uint32_t arch;
	uint32_t padding;
	uint32_t topswap_size;
	bool u64val_assigned;
	bool fill_partial_upward;
	bool fill_partial_downward;
	bool show_immutable;
	bool stage_xip;
	bool force_pow2_pagesize;
	bool autogen_attr;
	bool machine_parseable;
	bool unprocessed;
	bool ibb;
	enum cbfs_compression compression;
	int precompression;
	enum vb2_hash_algorithm hash;
	/* For linux payloads */
	char *initrd;
	char *cmdline;
	int force;
	/*
	 * Base and size of extended window for decoding SPI flash greater than 16MiB in host
	 * address space on x86 platforms. The assumptions here are:
	 * 1. Top 16MiB is still decoded in the fixed decode window just below 4G boundary.
	 * 2. Rest of the SPI flash below the top 16MiB is mapped at the top of extended
	 * window. Even though the platform might support a larger extended window, the SPI
	 * flash part used by the mainboard might not be large enough to be mapped in the entire
	 * window. In such cases, the mapping is assumed to be in the top part of the extended
	 * window with the bottom part remaining unused.
	 */
	uint32_t ext_win_base;
	uint32_t ext_win_size;
} param = {
	/* All variables not listed are initialized as zero. */
	.arch = CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_UNKNOWN,
	.compression = CBFS_COMPRESS_NONE,
	.hash = VB2_HASH_INVALID,
	.headeroffset = ~0,
	.region_name = SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS,
	.u64val = -1,
};

/*
 * This "metadata_hash cache" caches the value and location of the CBFS metadata
 * hash embedded in the bootblock when CBFS verification is enabled. The first
 * call to get_mh_cache() searches for the cache by scanning the whole bootblock
 * for its 8-byte signature, later calls will just return the previously found
 * information again. If the cbfs_hash.algo member in the result is
 * VB2_HASH_INVALID, that means no metadata hash was found and this image does
 * not use CBFS verification.
 */
struct mh_cache {
	const char *region;
	size_t offset;
	struct vb2_hash cbfs_hash;
	platform_fixup_func fixup;
	bool initialized;
};

static struct mh_cache *get_mh_cache(void)
{
	static struct mh_cache mhc;

	if (mhc.initialized)
		return &mhc;

	mhc.initialized = true;

	const struct fmap *fmap = partitioned_file_get_fmap(param.image_file);
	if (!fmap)
		goto no_metadata_hash;

	/* Find the bootblock. If there is a "BOOTBLOCK" FMAP section, it's
	   there. If not, it's a normal file in the primary CBFS section. */
	size_t offset, size;
	struct buffer buffer;
	if (fmap_find_area(fmap, SECTION_NAME_BOOTBLOCK)) {
		if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&buffer, param.image_file,
						  SECTION_NAME_BOOTBLOCK))
			goto no_metadata_hash;
		mhc.region = SECTION_NAME_BOOTBLOCK;
		offset = 0;
		size = buffer.size;
	} else {
		struct cbfs_image cbfs;
		struct cbfs_file *bootblock;
		if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&buffer, param.image_file,
						  SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS))
			goto no_metadata_hash;
		mhc.region = SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS;
		if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&cbfs, &buffer, param.headeroffset))
			goto no_metadata_hash;
		bootblock = cbfs_get_entry(&cbfs, "bootblock");
		if (!bootblock || ntohl(bootblock->type) != CBFS_TYPE_BOOTBLOCK)
			goto no_metadata_hash;
		offset = (void *)bootblock + ntohl(bootblock->offset) -
			 buffer_get(&cbfs.buffer);
		size = ntohl(bootblock->len);
	}

	/* Find and validate the metadata hash anchor inside the bootblock and
	   record its exact byte offset from the start of the FMAP region. */
	struct metadata_hash_anchor *anchor = memmem(buffer_get(&buffer) + offset,
			size, METADATA_HASH_ANCHOR_MAGIC, sizeof(anchor->magic));
	if (anchor) {
		if (!vb2_digest_size(anchor->cbfs_hash.algo)) {
			ERROR("Unknown CBFS metadata hash type: %d\n",
			      anchor->cbfs_hash.algo);
			goto no_metadata_hash;
		}
		mhc.cbfs_hash = anchor->cbfs_hash;
		mhc.offset = (void *)anchor - buffer_get(&buffer);
		mhc.fixup = platform_fixups_probe(&buffer, mhc.offset,
						  mhc.region);
		return &mhc;
	}

no_metadata_hash:
	mhc.cbfs_hash.algo = VB2_HASH_INVALID;
	return &mhc;
}

static void update_and_info(const char *name, void *dst, void *src, size_t size)
{
	if (!memcmp(dst, src, size))
		return;
	char *src_str = bintohex(src, size);
	char *dst_str = bintohex(dst, size);
	INFO("Updating %s from %s to %s\n", name, dst_str, src_str);
	memcpy(dst, src, size);
	free(src_str);
	free(dst_str);
}

static int update_anchor(struct mh_cache *mhc, uint8_t *fmap_hash)
{
	struct buffer buffer;
	if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&buffer, param.image_file,
					  mhc->region))
		return -1;
	struct metadata_hash_anchor *anchor = buffer_get(&buffer) + mhc->offset;
	/* The metadata hash anchor should always still be where we left it. */
	assert(!memcmp(anchor->magic, METADATA_HASH_ANCHOR_MAGIC,
		      sizeof(anchor->magic)) &&
	       anchor->cbfs_hash.algo == mhc->cbfs_hash.algo);
	update_and_info("CBFS metadata hash", anchor->cbfs_hash.raw,
		mhc->cbfs_hash.raw, vb2_digest_size(anchor->cbfs_hash.algo));
	if (fmap_hash) {
		update_and_info("FMAP hash",
				metadata_hash_anchor_fmap_hash(anchor), fmap_hash,
				vb2_digest_size(anchor->cbfs_hash.algo));
	}
	if (mhc->fixup && mhc->fixup(&buffer, mhc->offset) != 0)
		return -1;
	if (!partitioned_file_write_region(param.image_file, &buffer))
		return -1;
	return 0;

}

/* This should be called after every time CBFS metadata might have changed. It
   will recalculate and update the metadata hash in the bootblock if needed. */
static int maybe_update_metadata_hash(struct cbfs_image *cbfs)
{
	if (strcmp(param.region_name, SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS))
		return 0;  /* Metadata hash only embedded in primary CBFS. */

	struct mh_cache *mhc = get_mh_cache();
	if (mhc->cbfs_hash.algo == VB2_HASH_INVALID)
		return 0;

	cb_err_t err = cbfs_walk(cbfs, NULL, NULL, &mhc->cbfs_hash,
				 CBFS_WALK_WRITEBACK_HASH);
	if (err != CB_CBFS_NOT_FOUND) {
		ERROR("Unexpected cbfs_walk() error %d\n", err);
		return -1;
	}

	return update_anchor(mhc, NULL);
}

/* This should be called after every time the FMAP or the bootblock itself might
   have changed, and will write the new FMAP hash into the metadata hash anchor
   in the bootblock if required (usually when the bootblock is first added). */
static int maybe_update_fmap_hash(void)
{
	if (strcmp(param.region_name, SECTION_NAME_BOOTBLOCK) &&
	    strcmp(param.region_name, SECTION_NAME_FMAP) &&
	    param.type != CBFS_TYPE_BOOTBLOCK)
		return 0;	/* FMAP and bootblock didn't change. */

	struct mh_cache *mhc = get_mh_cache();
	if (mhc->cbfs_hash.algo == VB2_HASH_INVALID)
		return 0;

	uint8_t fmap_hash[VB2_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE];
	const struct fmap *fmap = partitioned_file_get_fmap(param.image_file);
	if (!fmap || vb2_digest_buffer((const void *)fmap, fmap_size(fmap),
			mhc->cbfs_hash.algo, fmap_hash, sizeof(fmap_hash)))
		return -1;
	return update_anchor(mhc, fmap_hash);
}

static bool region_is_flashmap(const char *region)
{
	return partitioned_file_region_check_magic(param.image_file, region,
					FMAP_SIGNATURE, strlen(FMAP_SIGNATURE));
}

/* @return Same as cbfs_is_valid_cbfs(), but for a named region. */
static bool region_is_modern_cbfs(const char *region)
{
	return partitioned_file_region_check_magic(param.image_file, region,
				CBFS_FILE_MAGIC, strlen(CBFS_FILE_MAGIC));
}

/* This describes a window from the SPI flash address space into the host address space. */
struct mmap_window {
	struct region flash_space;
	struct region host_space;
};

enum mmap_window_type {
	X86_DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW, /* Decode window just below 4G boundary */
	X86_EXTENDED_DECODE_WINDOW, /* Extended decode window for mapping greater than 16MiB
				       flash */
	MMAP_MAX_WINDOWS,
};

/* Table of all the decode windows supported by the platform. */
static struct mmap_window mmap_window_table[MMAP_MAX_WINDOWS];

static void add_mmap_window(enum mmap_window_type idx, size_t flash_offset, size_t host_offset,
			    size_t window_size)
{
	if (idx >= MMAP_MAX_WINDOWS) {
		ERROR("Incorrect mmap window index(%d)\n", idx);
		return;
	}

	mmap_window_table[idx].flash_space.offset = flash_offset;
	mmap_window_table[idx].host_space.offset = host_offset;
	mmap_window_table[idx].flash_space.size = window_size;
	mmap_window_table[idx].host_space.size = window_size;
}

#define DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW_TOP	(4ULL * GiB)
#define DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW_MAX_SIZE	(16 * MiB)

static bool create_mmap_windows(void)
{
	static bool done;

	if (done)
		return done;

	const size_t image_size = partitioned_file_total_size(param.image_file);
	const size_t std_window_size = MIN(DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW_MAX_SIZE, image_size);
	const size_t std_window_flash_offset = image_size - std_window_size;

	/*
	 * Default decode window lives just below 4G boundary in host space and maps up to a
	 * maximum of 16MiB. If the window is smaller than 16MiB, the SPI flash window is mapped
	 * at the top of the host window just below 4G.
	 */
	add_mmap_window(X86_DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW, std_window_flash_offset,
			DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW_TOP - std_window_size, std_window_size);

	if (param.ext_win_size && (image_size > DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW_MAX_SIZE)) {
		/*
		 * If the platform supports extended window and the SPI flash size is greater
		 * than 16MiB, then create a mapping for the extended window as well.
		 * The assumptions here are:
		 * 1. Top 16MiB is still decoded in the fixed decode window just below 4G
		 * boundary.
		 * 2. Rest of the SPI flash below the top 16MiB is mapped at the top of extended
		 * window. Even though the platform might support a larger extended window, the
		 * SPI flash part used by the mainboard might not be large enough to be mapped
		 * in the entire window. In such cases, the mapping is assumed to be in the top
		 * part of the extended window with the bottom part remaining unused.
		 *
		 * Example:
		 * ext_win_base = 0xF8000000
		 * ext_win_size = 32 * MiB
		 * ext_win_limit = ext_win_base + ext_win_size - 1 = 0xF9FFFFFF
		 *
		 * If SPI flash is 32MiB, then top 16MiB is mapped from 0xFF000000 - 0xFFFFFFFF
		 * whereas the bottom 16MiB is mapped from 0xF9000000 - 0xF9FFFFFF. The extended
		 * window 0xF8000000 - 0xF8FFFFFF remains unused.
		 */
		const size_t ext_window_mapped_size = MIN(param.ext_win_size,
							  image_size - std_window_size);
		const size_t ext_window_top = param.ext_win_base + param.ext_win_size;
		add_mmap_window(X86_EXTENDED_DECODE_WINDOW,
				std_window_flash_offset - ext_window_mapped_size,
				ext_window_top - ext_window_mapped_size,
				ext_window_mapped_size);

		if (region_overlap(&mmap_window_table[X86_EXTENDED_DECODE_WINDOW].host_space,
				   &mmap_window_table[X86_DEFAULT_DECODE_WINDOW].host_space)) {
			const struct region *ext_region;

			ext_region = &mmap_window_table[X86_EXTENDED_DECODE_WINDOW].host_space;
			ERROR("Extended window(base=0x%zx, limit=0x%zx) overlaps with default window!\n",
			      region_offset(ext_region), region_end(ext_region));

			return false;
		}
	}

	done = true;
	return done;
}

static unsigned int convert_address(const struct region *to, const struct region *from,
				    unsigned int addr)
{
	/*
	 * Calculate the offset in the "from" region and use that offset to calculate
	 * corresponding address in the "to" region.
	 */
	size_t offset = addr - region_offset(from);
	return region_offset(to) + offset;
}

enum mmap_addr_type {
	HOST_SPACE_ADDR,
	FLASH_SPACE_ADDR,
};

static int find_mmap_window(enum mmap_addr_type addr_type, unsigned int addr)
{
	size_t i;

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(mmap_window_table); i++) {
		const struct region *reg;

		if (addr_type == HOST_SPACE_ADDR)
			reg = &mmap_window_table[i].host_space;
		else
			reg = &mmap_window_table[i].flash_space;

		if (region_offset(reg) <= addr &&
		   ((uint64_t)region_offset(reg) + (uint64_t)region_sz(reg) - 1) >= addr)
			return i;
	}

	return -1;
}

static unsigned int convert_host_to_flash(const struct buffer *region, unsigned int addr)
{
	int idx;
	const struct region *to, *from;

	idx = find_mmap_window(HOST_SPACE_ADDR, addr);
	if (idx == -1) {
		ERROR("Host address(%x) not in any mmap window!\n", addr);
		return 0;
	}

	to = &mmap_window_table[idx].flash_space;
	from = &mmap_window_table[idx].host_space;

	/* region->offset is subtracted because caller expects offset in the given region. */
	return convert_address(to, from, addr) - region->offset;
}

static unsigned int convert_flash_to_host(const struct buffer *region, unsigned int addr)
{
	int idx;
	const struct region *to, *from;

	/*
	 * region->offset is added because caller provides offset in the given region. This is
	 * converted to an absolute address in the SPI flash space. This is done before the
	 * conversion as opposed to after in convert_host_to_flash() above because the address
	 * is actually an offset within the region. So, it needs to be converted into an
	 * absolute address in the SPI flash space before converting into an address in host
	 * space.
	 */
	addr += region->offset;
	idx = find_mmap_window(FLASH_SPACE_ADDR, addr);

	if (idx == -1) {
		ERROR("SPI flash address(%x) not in any mmap window!\n", addr);
		return 0;
	}

	to = &mmap_window_table[idx].host_space;
	from = &mmap_window_table[idx].flash_space;

	return convert_address(to, from, addr);
}

static unsigned int convert_addr_space(const struct buffer *region, unsigned int addr)
{
	assert(region);

	assert(create_mmap_windows());

	if (IS_HOST_SPACE_ADDRESS(addr))
		return convert_host_to_flash(region, addr);
	else
		return convert_flash_to_host(region, addr);
}

/*
 * This function takes offset value which represents the offset from one end of the region and
 * converts it to offset from the other end of the region. offset is expected to be positive.
 */
static int convert_region_offset(unsigned int offset, uint32_t *region_offset)
{
	size_t size;

	if (param.size) {
		size = param.size;
	} else {
		assert(param.image_region);
		size = param.image_region->size;
	}

	if (size < offset) {
		ERROR("Cannot convert region offset (size=0x%zx, offset=0x%x)\n", size, offset);
		return 1;
	}

	*region_offset = size - offset;
	return 0;
}

static int do_cbfs_locate(uint32_t *cbfs_addr, size_t data_size)
{
	uint32_t metadata_size = 0;

	if (!param.name) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -n/--name.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
							param.headeroffset))
		return 1;

	if (cbfs_get_entry(&image, param.name))
		WARN("'%s' already in CBFS.\n", param.name);

	if (!data_size) {
		ERROR("File '%s' is empty?\n", param.name);
		return 1;
	}

	/* Compute required page size */
	if (param.force_pow2_pagesize) {
		param.pagesize = 1;
		while (param.pagesize < data_size)
			param.pagesize <<= 1;
		DEBUG("Page size is %d (0x%x)\n", param.pagesize, param.pagesize);
	}

	/* Include cbfs_file size along with space for with name. */
	metadata_size += cbfs_calculate_file_header_size(param.name);
	/* Adjust metadata_size if additional attributes were added */
	if (param.autogen_attr) {
		if (param.alignment)
			metadata_size += sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_align);
		if (param.baseaddress_assigned || param.stage_xip)
			metadata_size += sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_position);
	}
	if (param.precompression || param.compression != CBFS_COMPRESS_NONE)
		metadata_size += sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_compression);
	if (param.type == CBFS_TYPE_STAGE)
		metadata_size += sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_stageheader);

	/* Take care of the hash attribute if it is used */
	if (param.hash != VB2_HASH_INVALID)
		metadata_size += cbfs_file_attr_hash_size(param.hash);

	int32_t address = cbfs_locate_entry(&image, data_size, param.pagesize,
						param.alignment, metadata_size);

	if (address < 0) {
		ERROR("'%s'(%u + %zu) can't fit in CBFS for page-size %#x, align %#x.\n",
		      param.name, metadata_size, data_size, param.pagesize, param.alignment);
		return 1;
	}

	*cbfs_addr = address;
	return 0;
}

typedef int (*convert_buffer_t)(struct buffer *buffer, uint32_t *offset,
	struct cbfs_file *header);

static int cbfs_add_integer_component(const char *name,
			      uint64_t u64val,
			      uint32_t offset,
			      uint32_t headeroffset) {
	struct cbfs_image image;
	struct cbfs_file *header = NULL;
	struct buffer buffer;
	int i, ret = 1;

	if (!name) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -n/--name.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (buffer_create(&buffer, 8, name) != 0)
		return 1;

	for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
		buffer.data[i] = (u64val >> i*8) & 0xff;

	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region, headeroffset)) {
		ERROR("Selected image region is not a CBFS.\n");
		goto done;
	}

	if (cbfs_get_entry(&image, name)) {
		ERROR("'%s' already in ROM image.\n", name);
		goto done;
	}

	header = cbfs_create_file_header(CBFS_TYPE_RAW,
		buffer.size, name);

	enum vb2_hash_algorithm algo = get_mh_cache()->cbfs_hash.algo;
	if (algo != VB2_HASH_INVALID)
		if (cbfs_add_file_hash(header, &buffer, algo)) {
			ERROR("couldn't add hash for '%s'\n", name);
			goto done;
		}

	if (cbfs_add_entry(&image, &buffer, offset, header, 0) != 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to add %llu into ROM image as '%s'.\n",
					(long long unsigned)u64val, name);
		goto done;
	}

	ret = maybe_update_metadata_hash(&image);

done:
	free(header);
	buffer_delete(&buffer);
	return ret;
}

static int is_valid_topswap(void)
{
	switch (param.topswap_size) {
	case (64 * KiB):
	case (128 * KiB):
	case (256 * KiB):
	case (512 * KiB):
	case (1 * MiB):
		break;
	default:
		ERROR("Invalid topswap_size %d, topswap can be 64K|128K|256K|512K|1M\n",
							param.topswap_size);
		return 0;
	}
	return 1;
}

static void fill_header_offset(void *location, uint32_t offset)
{
	// TODO: When we have a BE target, we'll need to store this as BE
	write_le32(location, offset);
}

static int update_master_header_loc_topswap(struct cbfs_image *image,
				void *h_loc, uint32_t header_offset)
{
	struct cbfs_file *entry;
	void *ts_h_loc = h_loc;

	entry = cbfs_get_entry(image, "bootblock");
	if (entry == NULL) {
		ERROR("Bootblock not in ROM image?!?\n");
		return 1;
	}

	/*
	 * Check if the existing topswap boundary matches with
	 * the one provided.
	 */
	if (param.topswap_size != ntohl(entry->len)/2) {
		ERROR("Top swap boundary does not match\n");
		return 1;
	}

	ts_h_loc -= param.topswap_size;
	fill_header_offset(ts_h_loc, header_offset);

	return 0;
}

static int cbfs_add_master_header(void)
{
	const char * const name = "cbfs master header";
	struct cbfs_image image;
	struct cbfs_file *header = NULL;
	struct buffer buffer;
	int ret = 1;
	size_t offset;
	size_t size;
	void *h_loc;

	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
		param.headeroffset)) {
		ERROR("Selected image region is not a CBFS.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (cbfs_get_entry(&image, name)) {
		ERROR("'%s' already in ROM image.\n", name);
		return 1;
	}

	if (buffer_create(&buffer, sizeof(struct cbfs_header), name) != 0)
		return 1;

	struct cbfs_header *h = (struct cbfs_header *)buffer.data;
	h->magic = htonl(CBFS_HEADER_MAGIC);
	h->version = htonl(CBFS_HEADER_VERSION);
	/* The 4 bytes are left out for two reasons:
	 * 1. the cbfs master header pointer resides there
	 * 2. some cbfs implementations assume that an image that resides
	 *    below 4GB has a bootblock and get confused when the end of the
	 *    image is at 4GB == 0.
	 */
	h->bootblocksize = htonl(4);
	h->align = htonl(CBFS_ALIGNMENT);
	/* The offset and romsize fields within the master header are absolute
	 * values within the boot media. As such, romsize needs to relfect
	 * the end 'offset' for a CBFS. To achieve that the current buffer
	 * representing the CBFS region's size is added to the offset of
	 * the region within a larger image.
	 */
	offset = buffer_get(param.image_region) -
		buffer_get_original_backing(param.image_region);
	size = buffer_size(param.image_region);
	h->romsize = htonl(size + offset);
	h->offset = htonl(offset);
	h->architecture = htonl(CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_UNKNOWN);

	/* Never add a hash attribute to the master header. */
	header = cbfs_create_file_header(CBFS_TYPE_CBFSHEADER,
		buffer_size(&buffer), name);
	if (cbfs_add_entry(&image, &buffer, 0, header, 0) != 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to add cbfs master header into ROM image.\n");
		goto done;
	}

	struct cbfs_file *entry;
	if ((entry = cbfs_get_entry(&image, name)) == NULL) {
		ERROR("'%s' not in ROM image?!?\n", name);
		goto done;
	}

	uint32_t header_offset = CBFS_SUBHEADER(entry) -
		buffer_get(&image.buffer);
	header_offset = -(buffer_size(&image.buffer) - header_offset);

	h_loc = (void *)(buffer_get(&image.buffer) +
				buffer_size(&image.buffer) - 4);
	fill_header_offset(h_loc, header_offset);
	/*
	 * If top swap present, update the header
	 * location in secondary bootblock
	 */
	if (param.topswap_size) {
		if (update_master_header_loc_topswap(&image, h_loc,
							header_offset))
			return 1;
	}

	ret = maybe_update_metadata_hash(&image);

done:
	free(header);
	buffer_delete(&buffer);
	return ret;
}

static int add_topswap_bootblock(struct buffer *buffer, uint32_t *offset)
{
	size_t bb_buf_size = buffer_size(buffer);

	if (bb_buf_size > param.topswap_size) {
		ERROR("Bootblock bigger than the topswap boundary\n");
		ERROR("size = %zd, ts = %d\n", bb_buf_size,
							param.topswap_size);
		return 1;
	}

	/*
	 * Allocate topswap_size*2 bytes for bootblock to
	 * accommodate the second bootblock.
	 */
	struct buffer new_bootblock, bb1, bb2;
	if (buffer_create(&new_bootblock, 2 * param.topswap_size,
							buffer->name))
		return 1;

	buffer_splice(&bb1, &new_bootblock, param.topswap_size - bb_buf_size,
							bb_buf_size);
	buffer_splice(&bb2, &new_bootblock,
				buffer_size(&new_bootblock) - bb_buf_size,
							bb_buf_size);

	/* Copy to first bootblock */
	memcpy(buffer_get(&bb1), buffer_get(buffer), bb_buf_size);
	/* Copy to second bootblock */
	memcpy(buffer_get(&bb2), buffer_get(buffer), bb_buf_size);

	buffer_delete(buffer);
	buffer_clone(buffer, &new_bootblock);

	 /* Update the location (offset) of bootblock in the region */
	return convert_region_offset(buffer_size(buffer), offset);
}

static int cbfs_add_component(const char *filename,
			      const char *name,
			      uint32_t headeroffset,
			      convert_buffer_t convert)
{
	/*
	 * The steps used to determine the final placement offset in CBFS, in order:
	 *
	 * 1. If --base-address was passed, that value is used. If it was passed in the host
	 *    address space, convert it to flash address space. (After that, |*offset| is always
	 *    in the flash address space.)
	 *
	 * 2. The convert() function may write a location back to |offset|, usually by calling
	 *    do_cbfs_locate(). In this case, it needs to ensure that the location found can fit
	 *    the CBFS file in its final form (after any compression and conversion).
	 *
	 * 3. If --align was passed and the offset is still undecided at this point,
	 *    do_cbfs_locate() is called to find an appropriately aligned location.
	 *
	 * 4. If |offset| is still 0 at the end, cbfs_add_entry() will find the first available
	 *    location that fits.
	 */
	uint32_t offset = param.baseaddress_assigned ? param.baseaddress : 0;
	size_t len_align = 0;

	if (param.alignment && param.baseaddress_assigned) {
		ERROR("Cannot specify both alignment and base address\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (param.stage_xip && param.compression != CBFS_COMPRESS_NONE) {
		ERROR("Cannot specify compression for XIP.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (!filename) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -f/--filename.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (!name) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -n/--name.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (param.type == 0) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a valid -t/--type.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region, headeroffset))
		return 1;

	if (cbfs_get_entry(&image, name)) {
		ERROR("'%s' already in ROM image.\n", name);
		return 1;
	}

	struct buffer buffer;
	if (buffer_from_file(&buffer, filename) != 0) {
		ERROR("Could not load file '%s'.\n", filename);
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_file *header =
		cbfs_create_file_header(param.type, buffer.size, name);

	/* Bootblock and CBFS header should never have file hashes. When adding
	   the bootblock it is important that we *don't* look up the metadata
	   hash yet (before it is added) or we'll cache an outdated result. */
	if (param.type != CBFS_TYPE_BOOTBLOCK && param.type != CBFS_TYPE_CBFSHEADER) {
		enum vb2_hash_algorithm mh_algo = get_mh_cache()->cbfs_hash.algo;
		if (mh_algo != VB2_HASH_INVALID && param.hash != mh_algo) {
			if (param.hash == VB2_HASH_INVALID) {
				param.hash = mh_algo;
			} else {
				ERROR("Cannot specify hash %s that's different from metadata hash algorithm %s\n",
				      vb2_get_hash_algorithm_name(param.hash),
				      vb2_get_hash_algorithm_name(mh_algo));
				goto error;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Check if Intel CPU topswap is specified this will require a
	 * second bootblock to be added.
	 */
	if (param.type == CBFS_TYPE_BOOTBLOCK && param.topswap_size)
		if (add_topswap_bootblock(&buffer, &offset))
			goto error;

	/* With --base-address we allow host space addresses -- if so, convert it here. */
	if (IS_HOST_SPACE_ADDRESS(offset))
		offset = convert_addr_space(param.image_region, offset);

	if (convert && convert(&buffer, &offset, header) != 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to parse file '%s'.\n", filename);
		goto error;
	}

	/* This needs to run after convert() to take compression into account. */
	if (!offset && param.alignment)
		if (do_cbfs_locate(&offset, buffer_size(&buffer)))
			goto error;

	/* This needs to run after convert() to hash the actual final file data. */
	if (param.hash != VB2_HASH_INVALID &&
	    cbfs_add_file_hash(header, &buffer, param.hash) == -1) {
		ERROR("couldn't add hash for '%s'\n", name);
		goto error;
	}

	if (param.autogen_attr) {
		/* Add position attribute if assigned */
		if (param.baseaddress_assigned || param.stage_xip) {
			struct cbfs_file_attr_position *attrs =
				(struct cbfs_file_attr_position *)
				cbfs_add_file_attr(header,
					CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_POSITION,
					sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_position));
			if (attrs == NULL)
				goto error;
			attrs->position = htonl(offset);
		}
		/* Add alignment attribute if used */
		if (param.alignment) {
			struct cbfs_file_attr_align *attrs =
				(struct cbfs_file_attr_align *)
				cbfs_add_file_attr(header,
					CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_ALIGNMENT,
					sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_align));
			if (attrs == NULL)
				goto error;
			attrs->alignment = htonl(param.alignment);
		}
	}

	if (param.ibb) {
		/* Mark as Initial Boot Block */
		struct cbfs_file_attribute *attrs = cbfs_add_file_attr(header,
				CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_IBB,
				sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attribute));
		if (attrs == NULL)
			goto error;
		/* For Intel TXT minimum align is 16 */
		len_align = 16;
	}

	if (param.padding) {
		const uint32_t hs = sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attribute);
		uint32_t size = ALIGN_UP(MAX(hs, param.padding),
					 CBFS_ATTRIBUTE_ALIGN);
		INFO("Padding %d bytes\n", size);
		struct cbfs_file_attribute *attr =
			(struct cbfs_file_attribute *)cbfs_add_file_attr(
					header, CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_PADDING,
					size);
		if (attr == NULL)
			goto error;
	}

	if (cbfs_add_entry(&image, &buffer, offset, header, len_align) != 0) {
		ERROR("Failed to add '%s' into ROM image.\n", filename);
		goto error;
	}

	free(header);
	buffer_delete(&buffer);

	return maybe_update_metadata_hash(&image) || maybe_update_fmap_hash();

error:
	free(header);
	buffer_delete(&buffer);
	return 1;
}

static int cbfstool_convert_raw(struct buffer *buffer,
	unused uint32_t *offset, struct cbfs_file *header)
{
	char *compressed;
	int decompressed_size, compressed_size;
	comp_func_ptr compress;

	decompressed_size = buffer->size;
	if (param.precompression) {
		param.compression = read_le32(buffer->data);
		decompressed_size = read_le32(buffer->data + sizeof(uint32_t));
		compressed_size = buffer->size - 8;
		compressed = malloc(compressed_size);
		if (!compressed)
			return -1;
		memcpy(compressed, buffer->data + 8, compressed_size);
	} else {
		if (param.compression == CBFS_COMPRESS_NONE)
			goto out;

		compress = compression_function(param.compression);
		if (!compress)
			return -1;
		compressed = calloc(buffer->size, 1);
		if (!compressed)
			return -1;

		if (compress(buffer->data, buffer->size,
			     compressed, &compressed_size)) {
			WARN("Compression failed - disabled\n");
			free(compressed);
			goto out;
		}
	}

	struct cbfs_file_attr_compression *attrs =
		(struct cbfs_file_attr_compression *)
		cbfs_add_file_attr(header,
			CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_COMPRESSION,
			sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_compression));
	if (attrs == NULL) {
		free(compressed);
		return -1;
	}
	attrs->compression = htonl(param.compression);
	attrs->decompressed_size = htonl(decompressed_size);

	free(buffer->data);
	buffer->data = compressed;
	buffer->size = compressed_size;

out:
	header->len = htonl(buffer->size);
	return 0;
}

static int cbfstool_convert_fsp(struct buffer *buffer,
				uint32_t *offset, struct cbfs_file *header)
{
	uint32_t address;
	struct buffer fsp;

	/*
	 * There are 4 different cases here:
	 *
	 * 1. --xip and --base-address: we need to place the binary at the given base address
	 *    in the CBFS image and relocate it to that address. *offset was already filled in,
	 *    but we need to convert it to the host address space for relocation.
	 *
	 * 2. --xip but no --base-address: we implicitly force a 4K minimum alignment so that
	 *    relocation can occur. Call do_cbfs_locate() here to find an appropriate *offset.
	 *    This also needs to be converted to the host address space for relocation.
	 *
	 * 3. No --xip but a --base-address: special case where --base-address does not have its
	 *    normal meaning, instead we use it as the relocation target address. We explicitly
	 *    reset *offset to 0 so that the file will be placed wherever it fits in CBFS.
	 *
	 * 4. No --xip and no --base-address: this means that the FSP was pre-linked and should
	 *    not be relocated. Just chain directly to convert_raw() for compression.
	 */

	if (param.stage_xip) {
		if (!param.baseaddress_assigned) {
			param.alignment = 4*1024;
			if (do_cbfs_locate(offset, buffer_size(buffer)))
				return -1;
		}
		assert(!IS_HOST_SPACE_ADDRESS(*offset));
		address = convert_addr_space(param.image_region, *offset);
	} else {
		if (param.baseaddress_assigned == 0) {
			INFO("Honoring pre-linked FSP module, no relocation.\n");
			return cbfstool_convert_raw(buffer, offset, header);
		} else {
			address = param.baseaddress;
			*offset = 0;
		}
	}

	/* Create a copy of the buffer to attempt relocation. */
	if (buffer_create(&fsp, buffer_size(buffer), "fsp"))
		return -1;

	memcpy(buffer_get(&fsp), buffer_get(buffer), buffer_size(buffer));

	/* Replace the buffer contents w/ the relocated ones on success. */
	if (fsp_component_relocate(address, buffer_get(&fsp), buffer_size(&fsp))
	    > 0) {
		buffer_delete(buffer);
		buffer_clone(buffer, &fsp);
	} else {
		buffer_delete(&fsp);
		WARN("Invalid FSP variant.\n");
	}

	/* Let the raw path handle all the cbfs metadata logic. */
	return cbfstool_convert_raw(buffer, offset, header);
}

static int cbfstool_convert_mkstage(struct buffer *buffer, uint32_t *offset,
	struct cbfs_file *header)
{
	struct buffer output;
	size_t data_size;
	int ret;

	if (elf_program_file_size(buffer, &data_size) < 0) {
		ERROR("Could not obtain ELF size\n");
		return 1;
	}

	/*
	 * We need a final location for XIP parsing, so we need to call do_cbfs_locate() early
	 * here. That is okay because XIP stages may not be compressed, so their size cannot
	 * change anymore at a later point.
	 */
	if (param.stage_xip &&
	    do_cbfs_locate(offset, data_size))  {
		ERROR("Could not find location for stage.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_file_attr_stageheader *stageheader = (void *)
		cbfs_add_file_attr(header, CBFS_FILE_ATTR_TAG_STAGEHEADER,
				   sizeof(struct cbfs_file_attr_stageheader));
	if (!stageheader)
		return -1;

	if (param.stage_xip) {
		uint32_t host_space_address = convert_addr_space(param.image_region, *offset);
		assert(IS_HOST_SPACE_ADDRESS(host_space_address));
		ret = parse_elf_to_xip_stage(buffer, &output, host_space_address,
					     param.ignore_section, stageheader);
	} else {
		ret = parse_elf_to_stage(buffer, &output, param.ignore_section,
					 stageheader);
	}
	if (ret != 0)
		return -1;

	/* Store a hash of original uncompressed stage to compare later. */
	size_t decmp_size = buffer_size(&output);
	uint32_t decmp_hash = XXH32(buffer_get(&output), decmp_size, 0);

	/* Chain to base conversion routine to handle compression. */
	ret = cbfstool_convert_raw(&output, offset, header);
	if (ret != 0)
		goto fail;

	/* Special care must be taken for LZ4-compressed stages that the BSS is
	   large enough to provide scratch space for in-place decompression. */
	if (!param.precompression && param.compression == CBFS_COMPRESS_LZ4) {
		size_t memlen = ntohl(stageheader->memlen);
		size_t compressed_size = buffer_size(&output);
		uint8_t *compare_buffer = malloc(memlen);
		uint8_t *start = compare_buffer + memlen - compressed_size;
		if (!compare_buffer) {
			ERROR("Out of memory\n");
			goto fail;
		}
		memcpy(start, buffer_get(&output), compressed_size);
		ret = ulz4fn(start, compressed_size, compare_buffer, memlen);
		if  (ret == 0) {
			ERROR("Not enough scratch space to decompress LZ4 in-place -- increase BSS size or disable compression!\n");
			free(compare_buffer);
			goto fail;
		} else if (ret != (int)decmp_size ||
			   decmp_hash != XXH32(compare_buffer, decmp_size, 0)) {
			ERROR("LZ4 compression BUG! Report to mailing list.\n");
			free(compare_buffer);
			goto fail;
		}
		free(compare_buffer);
	}

	buffer_delete(buffer);
	buffer_clone(buffer, &output);
	return 0;

fail:
	buffer_delete(&output);
	return -1;
}

static int cbfstool_convert_mkpayload(struct buffer *buffer,
	unused uint32_t *offset, struct cbfs_file *header)
{
	struct buffer output;
	int ret;
	/* Per default, try and see if payload is an ELF binary */
	ret = parse_elf_to_payload(buffer, &output, param.compression);

	/* If it's not an ELF, see if it's a FIT */
	if (ret != 0) {
		ret = parse_fit_to_payload(buffer, &output, param.compression);
		if (ret == 0)
			header->type = htonl(CBFS_TYPE_FIT);
	}

	/* If it's not an FIT, see if it's a UEFI FV */
	if (ret != 0)
		ret = parse_fv_to_payload(buffer, &output, param.compression);

	/* If it's neither ELF nor UEFI Fv, try bzImage */
	if (ret != 0)
		ret = parse_bzImage_to_payload(buffer, &output,
				param.initrd, param.cmdline, param.compression);

	/* Not a supported payload type */
	if (ret != 0) {
		ERROR("Not a supported payload type (ELF / FV).\n");
		buffer_delete(buffer);
		return -1;
	}

	buffer_delete(buffer);
	// Direct assign, no dupe.
	memcpy(buffer, &output, sizeof(*buffer));
	header->len = htonl(output.size);
	return 0;
}

static int cbfstool_convert_mkflatpayload(struct buffer *buffer,
	unused uint32_t *offset, struct cbfs_file *header)
{
	struct buffer output;
	if (parse_flat_binary_to_payload(buffer, &output,
					 param.loadaddress,
					 param.entrypoint,
					 param.compression) != 0) {
		return -1;
	}
	buffer_delete(buffer);
	// Direct assign, no dupe.
	memcpy(buffer, &output, sizeof(*buffer));
	header->len = htonl(output.size);
	return 0;
}

static int cbfs_add(void)
{
	convert_buffer_t convert = cbfstool_convert_raw;

	if (param.type == CBFS_TYPE_FSP) {
		convert = cbfstool_convert_fsp;
	} else if (param.type == CBFS_TYPE_STAGE) {
		ERROR("stages can only be added with cbfstool add-stage\n");
		return 1;
	} else if (param.stage_xip) {
		ERROR("cbfstool add supports xip only for FSP component type\n");
		return 1;
	}

	return cbfs_add_component(param.filename,
				  param.name,
				  param.headeroffset,
				  convert);
}

static int cbfs_add_stage(void)
{
	if (param.stage_xip && param.baseaddress_assigned) {
		ERROR("Cannot specify base address for XIP.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	param.type = CBFS_TYPE_STAGE;

	return cbfs_add_component(param.filename,
				  param.name,
				  param.headeroffset,
				  cbfstool_convert_mkstage);
}

static int cbfs_add_payload(void)
{
	param.type = CBFS_TYPE_SELF;
	return cbfs_add_component(param.filename,
				  param.name,
				  param.headeroffset,
				  cbfstool_convert_mkpayload);
}

static int cbfs_add_flat_binary(void)
{
	if (param.loadaddress == 0) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a valid "
			"-l/--load-address.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if (param.entrypoint == 0) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a valid "
			"-e/--entry-point.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	param.type = CBFS_TYPE_SELF;
	return cbfs_add_component(param.filename,
				  param.name,
				  param.headeroffset,
				  cbfstool_convert_mkflatpayload);
}

static int cbfs_add_integer(void)
{
	if (!param.u64val_assigned) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a value to write.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	return cbfs_add_integer_component(param.name,
				  param.u64val,
				  param.baseaddress,
				  param.headeroffset);
}

static int cbfs_remove(void)
{
	if (!param.name) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -n/--name.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
							param.headeroffset))
		return 1;

	if (cbfs_remove_entry(&image, param.name) != 0) {
		ERROR("Removing file '%s' failed.\n",
		      param.name);
		return 1;
	}

	return maybe_update_metadata_hash(&image);
}

static int cbfs_create(void)
{
	struct cbfs_image image;
	memset(&image, 0, sizeof(image));
	buffer_clone(&image.buffer, param.image_region);

	if (param.fmap) {
		if (param.arch != CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_UNKNOWN || param.size ||
						param.baseaddress_assigned ||
						param.headeroffset_assigned ||
						param.cbfsoffset_assigned ||
							param.bootblock) {
			ERROR("Since -M was provided, -m, -s, -b, -o, -H, and -B should be omitted\n");
			return 1;
		}

		return cbfs_image_create(&image, image.buffer.size);
	}

	if (param.arch == CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_UNKNOWN) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -m/--machine arch.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct buffer bootblock;
	if (!param.bootblock) {
		DEBUG("-B not given, creating image without bootblock.\n");
		if (buffer_create(&bootblock, 0, "(dummy)") != 0)
			return 1;
	} else if (buffer_from_file(&bootblock, param.bootblock)) {
		return 1;
	}

	if (!param.alignment)
		param.alignment = CBFS_ALIGNMENT;

	// Set default offsets. x86, as usual, needs to be a special snowflake.
	if (!param.baseaddress_assigned) {
		if (param.arch == CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_X86) {
			// Make sure there's at least enough room for rel_offset
			param.baseaddress = param.size -
					MAX(bootblock.size, sizeof(int32_t));
			DEBUG("x86 -> bootblock lies at end of ROM (%#x).\n",
			      param.baseaddress);
		} else {
			param.baseaddress = 0;
			DEBUG("bootblock starts at address 0x0.\n");
		}
	}
	if (!param.headeroffset_assigned) {
		if (param.arch == CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_X86) {
			param.headeroffset = param.baseaddress -
					     sizeof(struct cbfs_header);
			DEBUG("x86 -> CBFS header before bootblock (%#x).\n",
				param.headeroffset);
		} else {
			param.headeroffset = align_up(param.baseaddress +
				bootblock.size, sizeof(uint32_t));
			DEBUG("CBFS header placed behind bootblock (%#x).\n",
				param.headeroffset);
		}
	}
	if (!param.cbfsoffset_assigned) {
		if (param.arch == CBFS_ARCHITECTURE_X86) {
			param.cbfsoffset = 0;
			DEBUG("x86 -> CBFS entries start at address 0x0.\n");
		} else {
			param.cbfsoffset = align_up(param.headeroffset +
						    sizeof(struct cbfs_header),
						    CBFS_ALIGNMENT);
			DEBUG("CBFS entries start beind master header (%#x).\n",
			      param.cbfsoffset);
		}
	}

	int ret = cbfs_legacy_image_create(&image,
					   param.arch,
					   CBFS_ALIGNMENT,
					   &bootblock,
					   param.baseaddress,
					   param.headeroffset,
					   param.cbfsoffset);
	buffer_delete(&bootblock);
	return ret;
}

static int cbfs_layout(void)
{
	const struct fmap *fmap = partitioned_file_get_fmap(param.image_file);
	if (!fmap) {
		LOG("This is a legacy image composed entirely of a single CBFS.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	printf("This image contains the following sections that can be %s with this tool:\n",
			param.show_immutable ? "accessed" : "manipulated");
	puts("");
	for (unsigned i = 0; i < fmap->nareas; ++i) {
		const struct fmap_area *current = fmap->areas + i;

		bool readonly = partitioned_file_fmap_count(param.image_file,
			partitioned_file_fmap_select_children_of, current) ||
				region_is_flashmap((const char *)current->name);
		if (!param.show_immutable && readonly)
			continue;

		printf("'%s'", current->name);

		// Detect consecutive sections that describe the same region and
		// show them as aliases. This cannot find equivalent entries
		// that aren't adjacent; however, fmaptool doesn't generate
		// FMAPs with such sections, so this convenience feature works
		// for all but the strangest manually created FMAP binaries.
		// TODO: This could be done by parsing the FMAP into some kind
		// of tree that had duplicate lists in addition to child lists,
		// which would allow covering that weird, unlikely case as well.
		unsigned lookahead;
		for (lookahead = 1; i + lookahead < fmap->nareas;
								++lookahead) {
			const struct fmap_area *consecutive =
					fmap->areas + i + lookahead;
			if (consecutive->offset != current->offset ||
					consecutive->size != current->size)
				break;
			printf(", '%s'", consecutive->name);
		}
		if (lookahead > 1)
			fputs(" are aliases for the same region", stdout);

		const char *qualifier = "";
		if (readonly)
			qualifier = "read-only, ";
		else if (region_is_modern_cbfs((const char *)current->name))
			qualifier = "CBFS, ";
		else if (current->flags & FMAP_AREA_PRESERVE)
			qualifier = "preserve, ";
		printf(" (%ssize %u, offset %u)\n", qualifier, current->size,
				current->offset);

		i += lookahead - 1;
	}
	puts("");

	if (param.show_immutable) {
		puts("It is at least possible to perform the read action on every section listed above.");
	} else {
		puts("It is possible to perform either the write action or the CBFS add/remove actions on every section listed above.");
		puts("To see the image's read-only sections as well, rerun with the -w option.");
	}

	return 0;
}

static int cbfs_print(void)
{
	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
							param.headeroffset))
		return 1;
	if (param.machine_parseable) {
		if (verbose)
			printf("[FMAP REGION]\t%s\n", param.region_name);
		cbfs_print_parseable_directory(&image);
	} else {
		printf("FMAP REGION: %s\n", param.region_name);
		cbfs_print_directory(&image);
	}

	if (verbose) {
		struct mh_cache *mhc = get_mh_cache();
		if (mhc->cbfs_hash.algo == VB2_HASH_INVALID)
			return 0;

		struct vb2_hash real_hash = { .algo = mhc->cbfs_hash.algo };
		cb_err_t err = cbfs_walk(&image, NULL, NULL, &real_hash,
					 CBFS_WALK_WRITEBACK_HASH);
		if (err != CB_CBFS_NOT_FOUND) {
			ERROR("Unexpected cbfs_walk() error %d\n", err);
			return 1;
		}
		char *hash_str = bintohex(real_hash.raw,
				vb2_digest_size(real_hash.algo));
		printf("[METADATA HASH]\t%s:%s",
		       vb2_get_hash_algorithm_name(real_hash.algo), hash_str);
		if (!strcmp(param.region_name, SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS)) {
			if (!memcmp(mhc->cbfs_hash.raw, real_hash.raw,
				    vb2_digest_size(real_hash.algo)))
				printf(":valid");
			else
				printf(":invalid");
		}
		printf("\n");
		free(hash_str);
	}

	return 0;
}

static int cbfs_extract(void)
{
	if (!param.filename) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -f/--filename.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (!param.name) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -n/--name.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
							param.headeroffset))
		return 1;

	return cbfs_export_entry(&image, param.name, param.filename,
				param.arch, !param.unprocessed);
}

static int cbfs_write(void)
{
	if (!param.filename) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a valid input -f/--file.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if (!partitioned_file_is_partitioned(param.image_file)) {
		ERROR("This operation isn't valid on legacy images having CBFS master headers\n");
		return 1;
	}

	if (!param.force && region_is_modern_cbfs(param.region_name)) {
		ERROR("Target image region '%s' is a CBFS and must be manipulated using add and remove\n",
							param.region_name);
		return 1;
	}

	struct buffer new_content;
	if (buffer_from_file(&new_content, param.filename))
		return 1;

	if (buffer_check_magic(&new_content, FMAP_SIGNATURE,
						strlen(FMAP_SIGNATURE))) {
		ERROR("File '%s' appears to be an FMAP and cannot be added to an existing image\n",
								param.filename);
		buffer_delete(&new_content);
		return 1;
	}
	if (!param.force && buffer_check_magic(&new_content, CBFS_FILE_MAGIC,
						strlen(CBFS_FILE_MAGIC))) {
		ERROR("File '%s' appears to be a CBFS and cannot be inserted into a raw region\n",
								param.filename);
		buffer_delete(&new_content);
		return 1;
	}

	unsigned offset = 0;
	if (param.fill_partial_upward && param.fill_partial_downward) {
		ERROR("You may only specify one of -u and -d.\n");
		buffer_delete(&new_content);
		return 1;
	} else if (!param.fill_partial_upward && !param.fill_partial_downward) {
		if (new_content.size != param.image_region->size) {
			ERROR("File to add is %zu bytes and would not fill %zu-byte target region (did you mean to pass either -u or -d?)\n",
				new_content.size, param.image_region->size);
			buffer_delete(&new_content);
			return 1;
		}
	} else {
		if (new_content.size > param.image_region->size) {
			ERROR("File to add is %zu bytes and would overflow %zu-byte target region\n",
				new_content.size, param.image_region->size);
			buffer_delete(&new_content);
			return 1;
		}
		if (param.u64val == (uint64_t)-1) {
			WARN("Written area will abut %s of target region: any unused space will keep its current contents\n",
					param.fill_partial_upward ? "bottom" : "top");
		} else if (param.u64val > 0xff) {
			ERROR("given fill value (%x) is larger than a byte\n", (unsigned)(param.u64val & 0xff));
			buffer_delete(&new_content);
			return 1;
		} else {
			memset(buffer_get(param.image_region),
				param.u64val & 0xff,
				buffer_size(param.image_region));
		}
		if (param.fill_partial_downward)
			offset = param.image_region->size - new_content.size;
	}

	memcpy(param.image_region->data + offset, new_content.data,
							new_content.size);
	buffer_delete(&new_content);

	return maybe_update_fmap_hash();
}

static int cbfs_read(void)
{
	if (!param.filename) {
		ERROR("You need to specify a valid output -f/--file.\n");
		return 1;
	}
	if (!partitioned_file_is_partitioned(param.image_file)) {
		ERROR("This operation isn't valid on legacy images having CBFS master headers\n");
		return 1;
	}

	return buffer_write_file(param.image_region, param.filename);
}

static int cbfs_copy(void)
{
	struct cbfs_image src_image;
	struct buffer src_buf;

	if (!param.source_region) {
		ERROR("You need to specify -R/--source-region.\n");
		return 1;
	}

	/* Obtain the source region and convert it to a cbfs_image. */
	if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&src_buf, param.image_file,
						param.source_region)) {
		ERROR("Region not found in image: %s\n", param.source_region);
		return 1;
	}

	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&src_image, &src_buf, param.headeroffset))
		return 1;

	return cbfs_copy_instance(&src_image, param.image_region);
}

static int cbfs_compact(void)
{
	struct cbfs_image image;
	if (cbfs_image_from_buffer(&image, param.image_region,
							param.headeroffset))
		return 1;
	WARN("Compacting a CBFS doesn't honor alignment or fixed addresses!\n");
	return cbfs_compact_instance(&image);
}

static int cbfs_expand(void)
{
	struct buffer src_buf;

	/* Obtain the source region. */
	if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&src_buf, param.image_file,
						param.region_name)) {
		ERROR("Region not found in image: %s\n", param.source_region);
		return 1;
	}

	return cbfs_expand_to_region(param.image_region);
}

static int cbfs_truncate(void)
{
	struct buffer src_buf;

	/* Obtain the source region. */
	if (!partitioned_file_read_region(&src_buf, param.image_file,
						param.region_name)) {
		ERROR("Region not found in image: %s\n", param.source_region);
		return 1;
	}

	uint32_t size;
	int result = cbfs_truncate_space(param.image_region, &size);
	printf("0x%x\n", size);
	return result;
}

static const struct command commands[] = {
	{"add", "H:r:f:n:t:c:b:a:p:yvA:j:gh?", cbfs_add, true, true},
	{"add-flat-binary", "H:r:f:n:l:e:c:b:p:vA:gh?", cbfs_add_flat_binary,
				true, true},
	{"add-payload", "H:r:f:n:c:b:a:C:I:p:vA:gh?", cbfs_add_payload,
				true, true},
	{"add-stage", "a:H:r:f:n:t:c:b:P:QS:p:yvA:gh?", cbfs_add_stage,
				true, true},
	{"add-int", "H:r:i:n:b:vgh?", cbfs_add_integer, true, true},
	{"add-master-header", "H:r:vh?j:", cbfs_add_master_header, true, true},
	{"compact", "r:h?", cbfs_compact, true, true},
	{"copy", "r:R:h?", cbfs_copy, true, true},
	{"create", "M:r:s:B:b:H:o:m:vh?", cbfs_create, true, true},
	{"extract", "H:r:m:n:f:Uvh?", cbfs_extract, true, false},
	{"layout", "wvh?", cbfs_layout, false, false},
	{"print", "H:r:vkh?", cbfs_print, true, false},
	{"read", "r:f:vh?", cbfs_read, true, false},
	{"remove", "H:r:n:vh?", cbfs_remove, true, true},
	{"write", "r:f:i:Fudvh?", cbfs_write, true, true},
	{"expand", "r:h?", cbfs_expand, true, true},
	{"truncate", "r:h?", cbfs_truncate, true, true},
};

enum {
	/* begin after ASCII characters */
	LONGOPT_START = 256,
	LONGOPT_IBB = LONGOPT_START,
	LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_BASE,
	LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_SIZE,
	LONGOPT_END,
};

static struct option long_options[] = {
	{"alignment",     required_argument, 0, 'a' },
	{"base-address",  required_argument, 0, 'b' },
	{"bootblock",     required_argument, 0, 'B' },
	{"cmdline",       required_argument, 0, 'C' },
	{"compression",   required_argument, 0, 'c' },
	{"topswap-size",  required_argument, 0, 'j' },
	{"empty-fits",    required_argument, 0, 'x' },
	{"entry-point",   required_argument, 0, 'e' },
	{"file",          required_argument, 0, 'f' },
	{"fill-downward", no_argument,       0, 'd' },
	{"fill-upward",   no_argument,       0, 'u' },
	{"flashmap",      required_argument, 0, 'M' },
	{"fmap-regions",  required_argument, 0, 'r' },
	{"force",         no_argument,       0, 'F' },
	{"source-region", required_argument, 0, 'R' },
	{"hash-algorithm",required_argument, 0, 'A' },
	{"header-offset", required_argument, 0, 'H' },
	{"help",          no_argument,       0, 'h' },
	{"ignore-sec",    required_argument, 0, 'S' },
	{"initrd",        required_argument, 0, 'I' },
	{"int",           required_argument, 0, 'i' },
	{"load-address",  required_argument, 0, 'l' },
	{"machine",       required_argument, 0, 'm' },
	{"name",          required_argument, 0, 'n' },
	{"offset",        required_argument, 0, 'o' },
	{"padding",       required_argument, 0, 'p' },
	{"pow2page",      no_argument,       0, 'Q' },
	{"ucode-region",  required_argument, 0, 'q' },
	{"size",          required_argument, 0, 's' },
	{"top-aligned",   required_argument, 0, 'T' },
	{"type",          required_argument, 0, 't' },
	{"verbose",       no_argument,       0, 'v' },
	{"with-readonly", no_argument,       0, 'w' },
	{"xip",           no_argument,       0, 'y' },
	{"gen-attribute", no_argument,       0, 'g' },
	{"mach-parseable",no_argument,       0, 'k' },
	{"unprocessed",   no_argument,       0, 'U' },
	{"ibb",           no_argument,       0, LONGOPT_IBB },
	{"ext-win-base",  required_argument, 0, LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_BASE },
	{"ext-win-size",  required_argument, 0, LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_SIZE },
	{NULL,            0,                 0,  0  }
};

static int get_region_offset(long long int offset, uint32_t *region_offset)
{
	/* If offset is not negative, no transformation required. */
	if (offset >= 0) {
		*region_offset = offset;
		return 0;
	}

	/* Calculate offset from start of region. */
	return convert_region_offset(-offset, region_offset);
}

static int calculate_region_offsets(void)
{
	int ret = 0;

	if (param.baseaddress_assigned)
		ret |= get_region_offset(param.baseaddress_input, &param.baseaddress);
	if (param.headeroffset_assigned)
		ret |= get_region_offset(param.headeroffset_input, &param.headeroffset);
	if (param.cbfsoffset_assigned)
		ret |= get_region_offset(param.cbfsoffset_input, &param.cbfsoffset);

	return ret;
}

static int dispatch_command(struct command command)
{
	if (command.accesses_region) {
		assert(param.image_file);

		if (partitioned_file_is_partitioned(param.image_file)) {
			INFO("Performing operation on '%s' region...\n",
					param.region_name);
		}
		if (!partitioned_file_read_region(param.image_region,
					param.image_file, param.region_name)) {
			ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
			return 1;
		}

		if (command.modifies_region) {
			// We (intentionally) don't support overwriting the FMAP
			// section. If you find yourself wanting to do this,
			// consider creating a new image rather than performing
			// whatever hacky transformation you were planning.
			if (region_is_flashmap(param.region_name)) {
				ERROR("Image region '%s' is read-only because it contains the FMAP.\n",
							param.region_name);
				ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
				return 1;
			}
			// We don't allow writing raw data to regions that
			// contain nested regions, since doing so would
			// overwrite all such subregions.
			if (partitioned_file_region_contains_nested(
					param.image_file, param.region_name)) {
				ERROR("Image region '%s' is read-only because it contains nested regions.\n",
							param.region_name);
				ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
				return 1;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Once image region is read, input offsets can be adjusted accordingly if the
		 * inputs are provided as negative integers i.e. offsets from end of region.
		 */
		if (calculate_region_offsets())
			return 1;
	}

	if (command.function()) {
		if (partitioned_file_is_partitioned(param.image_file)) {
			ERROR("Failed while operating on '%s' region!\n",
							param.region_name);
			ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
		}
		return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void usage(char *name)
{
	printf
	    ("cbfstool: Management utility for CBFS formatted ROM images\n\n"
	     "USAGE:\n" " %s [-h]\n"
	     " %s FILE COMMAND [-v] [PARAMETERS]...\n\n" "OPTIONs:\n"
	     "  -H header_offset Do not search for header; use this offset*\n"
	     "  -T               Output top-aligned memory address\n"
	     "  -u               Accept short data; fill upward/from bottom\n"
	     "  -d               Accept short data; fill downward/from top\n"
	     "  -F               Force action\n"
	     "  -g               Generate position and alignment arguments\n"
	     "  -U               Unprocessed; don't decompress or make ELF\n"
	     "  -v               Provide verbose output\n"
	     "  -h               Display this help message\n\n"
	     "  --ext-win-base   Base of extended decode window in host address\n"
	     "                   space(x86 only)\n"
	     "  --ext-win-size   Size of extended decode window in host address\n"
	     "                   space(x86 only)\n"
	     "COMMANDs:\n"
	     " add [-r image,regions] -f FILE -n NAME -t TYPE [-A hash] \\\n"
	     "        [-c compression] [-b base-address | -a alignment] \\\n"
	     "        [-p padding size] [-y|--xip if TYPE is FSP]       \\\n"
	     "        [-j topswap-size] (Intel CPUs only) [--ibb]       \\\n"
	     "        [--ext-win-base win-base --ext-win-size win-size]     "
			"Add a component\n"
	     "                                                         "
	     "    -j valid size: 0x10000 0x20000 0x40000 0x80000 0x100000 \n"
	     " add-payload [-r image,regions] -f FILE -n NAME [-A hash] \\\n"
	     "        [-c compression] [-b base-address] \\\n"
	     "        (linux specific: [-C cmdline] [-I initrd])           "
			"Add a payload to the ROM\n"
	     " add-stage [-r image,regions] -f FILE -n NAME [-A hash] \\\n"
	     "        [-c compression] [-b base] [-S section-to-ignore] \\\n"
	     "        [-a alignment] [-Q|--pow2page] \\\n"
	     "        [-y|--xip] [--ibb]                                \\\n"
	     "        [--ext-win-base win-base --ext-win-size win-size]     "
			"Add a stage to the ROM\n"
	     " add-flat-binary [-r image,regions] -f FILE -n NAME \\\n"
	     "        [-A hash] -l load-address -e entry-point \\\n"
	     "        [-c compression] [-b base]                           "
			"Add a 32bit flat mode binary\n"
	     " add-int [-r image,regions] -i INTEGER -n NAME [-b base]     "
			"Add a raw 64-bit integer value\n"
	     " add-master-header [-r image,regions] \\                   \n"
	     "        [-j topswap-size] (Intel CPUs only)                  "
			"Add a legacy CBFS master header\n"
	     " remove [-r image,regions] -n NAME                           "
			"Remove a component\n"
	     " compact -r image,regions                                    "
			"Defragment CBFS image.\n"
	     " copy -r image,regions -R source-region                      "
			"Create a copy (duplicate) cbfs instance in fmap\n"
	     " create -m ARCH -s size [-b bootblock offset] \\\n"
	     "        [-o CBFS offset] [-H header offset] [-B bootblock]   "
			"Create a legacy ROM file with CBFS master header*\n"
	     " create -M flashmap [-r list,of,regions,containing,cbfses]   "
			"Create a new-style partitioned firmware image\n"
	     " locate [-r image,regions] -f FILE -n NAME [-P page-size] \\\n"
	     "        [-a align] [-T]                                      "
			"Find a place for a file of that size\n"
	     " layout [-w]                                                 "
			"List mutable (or, with -w, readable) image regions\n"
	     " print [-r image,regions] [-k]                               "
			"Show the contents of the ROM\n"
	     " extract [-r image,regions] [-m ARCH] -n NAME -f FILE [-U]   "
			"Extracts a file from ROM\n"
	     " write [-F] -r image,regions -f file [-u | -d] [-i int]      "
			"Write file into same-size [or larger] raw region\n"
	     " read [-r fmap-region] -f file                               "
			"Extract raw region contents into binary file\n"
	     " truncate [-r fmap-region]                                   "
			"Truncate CBFS and print new size on stdout\n"
	     " expand [-r fmap-region]                                     "
			"Expand CBFS to span entire region\n"
	     "OFFSETs:\n"
	     "  Numbers accompanying -b, -H, and -o switches* may be provided\n"
	     "  in two possible formats: if their value is greater than\n"
	     "  0x80000000, they are interpreted as a top-aligned x86 memory\n"
	     "  address; otherwise, they are treated as an offset into flash.\n"
	     "ARCHes:\n", name, name
	    );
	print_supported_architectures();

	printf("TYPEs:\n");
	print_supported_filetypes();
	printf(
	     "\n* Note that these actions and switches are only valid when\n"
	     "  working with legacy images whose structure is described\n"
	     "  primarily by a CBFS master header. New-style images, in\n"
	     "  contrast, exclusively make use of an FMAP to describe their\n"
	     "  layout: this must minimally contain an '%s' section\n"
	     "  specifying the location of this FMAP itself and a '%s'\n"
	     "  section describing the primary CBFS. It should also be noted\n"
	     "  that, when working with such images, the -F and -r switches\n"
	     "  default to '%s' for convenience, and both the -b switch to\n"
	     "  CBFS operations and the output of the locate action become\n"
	     "  relative to the selected CBFS region's lowest address.\n"
	     "  The one exception to this rule is the top-aligned address,\n"
	     "  which is always relative to the end of the entire image\n"
	     "  rather than relative to the local region; this is true for\n"
	     "  for both input (sufficiently large) and output (-T) data.\n",
	     SECTION_NAME_FMAP, SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS,
	     SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS
	     );
}

static bool valid_opt(size_t i, int c)
{
	/* Check if it is one of the optstrings supported by the command. */
	if (strchr(commands[i].optstring, c))
		return true;

	/*
	 * Check if it is one of the non-ASCII characters. Currently, the
	 * non-ASCII characters are only checked against the valid list
	 * irrespective of the command.
	 */
	if (c >= LONGOPT_START && c < LONGOPT_END)
		return true;

	return false;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	size_t i;
	int c;

	if (argc < 3) {
		usage(argv[0]);
		return 1;
	}

	char *image_name = argv[1];
	char *cmd = argv[2];
	optind += 2;

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(commands); i++) {
		if (strcmp(cmd, commands[i].name) != 0)
			continue;

		while (1) {
			char *suffix = NULL;
			int option_index = 0;

			c = getopt_long(argc, argv, commands[i].optstring,
						long_options, &option_index);
			if (c == -1) {
				if (optind < argc) {
					ERROR("%s: excessive argument -- '%s'"
						"\n", argv[0], argv[optind]);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			}

			/* Filter out illegal long options */
			if (!valid_opt(i, c)) {
				ERROR("%s: invalid option -- '%d'\n",
				      argv[0], c);
				c = '?';
			}

			switch(c) {
			case 'n':
				param.name = optarg;
				break;
			case 't':
				if (intfiletype(optarg) != ((uint64_t) - 1))
					param.type = intfiletype(optarg);
				else
					param.type = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0);
				if (param.type == 0)
					WARN("Unknown type '%s' ignored\n",
							optarg);
				break;
			case 'c': {
				if (strcmp(optarg, "precompression") == 0) {
					param.precompression = 1;
					break;
				}
				int algo = cbfs_parse_comp_algo(optarg);
				if (algo >= 0)
					param.compression = algo;
				else
					WARN("Unknown compression '%s' ignored.\n",
									optarg);
				break;
			}
			case 'A': {
				if (!vb2_lookup_hash_alg(optarg, &param.hash)) {
					ERROR("Unknown hash algorithm '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			}
			case 'M':
				param.fmap = optarg;
				break;
			case 'r':
				param.region_name = optarg;
				break;
			case 'R':
				param.source_region = optarg;
				break;
			case 'b':
				param.baseaddress_input = strtoll(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid base address '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				// baseaddress may be zero on non-x86, so we
				// need an explicit "baseaddress_assigned".
				param.baseaddress_assigned = 1;
				break;
			case 'l':
				param.loadaddress = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid load address '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'e':
				param.entrypoint = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid entry point '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 's':
				param.size = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg) {
					ERROR("Empty size specified.\n");
					return 1;
				}
				switch (tolower((int)suffix[0])) {
				case 'k':
					param.size *= 1024;
					break;
				case 'm':
					param.size *= 1024 * 1024;
					break;
				case '\0':
					break;
				default:
					ERROR("Invalid suffix for size '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'B':
				param.bootblock = optarg;
				break;
			case 'H':
				param.headeroffset_input = strtoll(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid header offset '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				param.headeroffset_assigned = 1;
				break;
			case 'a':
				param.alignment = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid alignment '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'p':
				param.padding = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid pad size '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'Q':
				param.force_pow2_pagesize = 1;
				break;
			case 'o':
				param.cbfsoffset_input = strtoll(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid cbfs offset '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				param.cbfsoffset_assigned = 1;
				break;
			case 'f':
				param.filename = optarg;
				break;
			case 'F':
				param.force = 1;
				break;
			case 'i':
				param.u64val = strtoull(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				param.u64val_assigned = 1;
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid int parameter '%s'.\n",
						optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'u':
				param.fill_partial_upward = true;
				break;
			case 'd':
				param.fill_partial_downward = true;
				break;
			case 'w':
				param.show_immutable = true;
				break;
			case 'j':
				param.topswap_size = strtol(optarg, NULL, 0);
				if (!is_valid_topswap())
					return 1;
				break;
			case 'q':
				param.ucode_region = optarg;
				break;
			case 'v':
				verbose++;
				break;
			case 'm':
				param.arch = string_to_arch(optarg);
				break;
			case 'I':
				param.initrd = optarg;
				break;
			case 'C':
				param.cmdline = optarg;
				break;
			case 'S':
				param.ignore_section = optarg;
				break;
			case 'y':
				param.stage_xip = true;
				break;
			case 'g':
				param.autogen_attr = true;
				break;
			case 'k':
				param.machine_parseable = true;
				break;
			case 'U':
				param.unprocessed = true;
				break;
			case LONGOPT_IBB:
				param.ibb = true;
				break;
			case LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_BASE:
				param.ext_win_base = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid ext window base '%s'.\n", optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case LONGOPT_EXT_WIN_SIZE:
				param.ext_win_size = strtoul(optarg, &suffix, 0);
				if (!*optarg || (suffix && *suffix)) {
					ERROR("Invalid ext window size '%s'.\n", optarg);
					return 1;
				}
				break;
			case 'h':
			case '?':
				usage(argv[0]);
				return 1;
			default:
				break;
			}
		}

		if (commands[i].function == cbfs_create) {
			if (param.fmap) {
				struct buffer flashmap;
				if (buffer_from_file(&flashmap, param.fmap))
					return 1;
				param.image_file = partitioned_file_create(
							image_name, &flashmap);
				buffer_delete(&flashmap);
			} else if (param.size) {
				param.image_file = partitioned_file_create_flat(
							image_name, param.size);
			} else {
				ERROR("You need to specify a valid -M/--flashmap or -s/--size.\n");
				return 1;
			}
		} else {
			bool write_access = commands[i].modifies_region;

			param.image_file =
				partitioned_file_reopen(image_name,
							write_access);
		}
		if (!param.image_file)
			return 1;

		unsigned num_regions = 1;
		for (const char *list = strchr(param.region_name, ','); list;
						list = strchr(list + 1, ','))
			++num_regions;

		// If the action needs to read an image region, as indicated by
		// having accesses_region set in its command struct, that
		// region's buffer struct will be stored here and the client
		// will receive a pointer to it via param.image_region. It
		// need not write the buffer back to the image file itself,
		// since this behavior can be requested via its modifies_region
		// field. Additionally, it should never free the region buffer,
		// as that is performed automatically once it completes.
		struct buffer image_regions[num_regions];
		memset(image_regions, 0, sizeof(image_regions));

		bool seen_primary_cbfs = false;
		char region_name_scratch[strlen(param.region_name) + 1];
		strcpy(region_name_scratch, param.region_name);
		param.region_name = strtok(region_name_scratch, ",");
		for (unsigned region = 0; region < num_regions; ++region) {
			if (!param.region_name) {
				ERROR("Encountered illegal degenerate region name in -r list\n");
				ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
				partitioned_file_close(param.image_file);
				return 1;
			}

			if (strcmp(param.region_name, SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS)
									== 0)
				seen_primary_cbfs = true;

			param.image_region = image_regions + region;
			if (dispatch_command(commands[i])) {
				partitioned_file_close(param.image_file);
				return 1;
			}

			param.region_name = strtok(NULL, ",");
		}

		if (commands[i].function == cbfs_create && !seen_primary_cbfs) {
			ERROR("The creation -r list must include the mandatory '%s' section.\n",
						SECTION_NAME_PRIMARY_CBFS);
			ERROR("The image will be left unmodified.\n");
			partitioned_file_close(param.image_file);
			return 1;
		}

		if (commands[i].modifies_region) {
			assert(param.image_file);
			for (unsigned region = 0; region < num_regions;
								++region) {

				if (!partitioned_file_write_region(
							param.image_file,
						image_regions + region)) {
					partitioned_file_close(
							param.image_file);
					return 1;
				}
			}
		}

		partitioned_file_close(param.image_file);
		return 0;
	}

	ERROR("Unknown command '%s'.\n", cmd);
	usage(argv[0]);
	return 1;
}