################################################################################ ## ## This file is part of the coreboot project. ## ## Copyright (C) 2012 Alexandru Gagniuc ## Copyright (C) 2009-2010 coresystems GmbH ## Copyright (C) 2009 Ronald G. Minnich ## ## This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify ## it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ## the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. ## ## This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ## but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ## MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ## GNU General Public License for more details. ## ## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ## along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software ## Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA ## ################################################################################ # Take care of subdirectories subdirs-y += boot # subdirs-y += init subdirs-y += lib subdirs-y += smp OPTION_TABLE_H:= ifeq ($(CONFIG_HAVE_OPTION_TABLE),y) cbfs-files-y += cmos_layout.bin cmos_layout.bin-file = $(obj)/cmos_layout.bin cmos_layout.bin-type = 0x01aa OPTION_TABLE_H:=$(obj)/option_table.h endif ################################################################################ # Build the final rom image COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES:= ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_ELF),y) COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES+=$(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILE) endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_SEABIOS),y) COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES+=seabios endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILO),y) COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES+=filo endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_AP_CODE_IN_CAR),y) COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES+=$(objcbfs)/coreboot_ap.elf endif extract_nth=$(word $(1), $(subst |, ,$(2))) ifneq ($(CONFIG_UPDATE_IMAGE),y) prebuild-files = \ $(foreach file,$(cbfs-files), \ $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp \ add$(if $(filter stage,$(call extract_nth,3,$(file))),-stage)$(if $(filter payload,$(call extract_nth,3,$(file))),-payload) \ -f $(call extract_nth,1,$(file)) \ -n $(call extract_nth,2,$(file)) $(if $(filter-out stage,$(call extract_nth,3,$(file))),-t $(call extract_nth,3,$(file))) \ $(if $(call extract_nth,4,$(file)),-b $(call extract_nth,4,$(file))) &&) prebuilt-files = $(foreach file,$(cbfs-files), $(call extract_nth,1,$(file))) $(obj)/coreboot.pre1: $(objcbfs)/bootblock.bin $$(prebuilt-files) $(CBFSTOOL) $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp create -m x86 -s $(CONFIG_COREBOOT_ROMSIZE_KB)K \ -B $(objcbfs)/bootblock.bin -a 64 \ -o $$(( $(CONFIG_ROM_SIZE) - $(CONFIG_CBFS_SIZE) )) $(prebuild-files) true mv $@.tmp $@ else .PHONY: $(obj)/coreboot.pre1 $(obj)/coreboot.pre1: $(CBFSTOOL) mv $(obj)/coreboot.rom $@ endif $(obj)/coreboot.rom: $(obj)/coreboot.pre $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ram.elf $(CBFSTOOL) $(call strip_quotes,$(COREBOOT_ROM_DEPENDENCIES)) $$(INTERMEDIATE) @printf " CBFS $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" cp $(obj)/coreboot.pre $@.tmp if [ -f $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ap.elf ]; \ then \ $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-stage -f $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ap.elf -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/coreboot_ap -c $(CBFS_COMPRESS_FLAG); \ fi $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-stage -f $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ram.elf -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/coreboot_ram -c $(CBFS_COMPRESS_FLAG) ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_NONE),y) @printf " PAYLOAD none (as specified by user)\n" endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_ELF),y) @printf " PAYLOAD $(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILE) (compression: $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG))\n" $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-payload -f $(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILE) -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/payload -c $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG) endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_SEABIOS),y) @printf " PAYLOAD SeaBIOS (internal, compression: $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG))\n" $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-payload -f $(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILE) -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/payload -c $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG) endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILO),y) @printf " PAYLOAD FILO (internal, compression: $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG))\n" $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-payload -f $(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_FILE) -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/payload -c $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG) endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_PAYLOAD_TIANOCORE),y) @printf " PAYLOAD Tiano Core (compression: $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG))\n" $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-payload -f $(CONFIG_TIANOCORE_FILE) -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/payload -c $(CBFS_PAYLOAD_COMPRESS_FLAG) endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE),y) @printf " CONFIG $(DOTCONFIG)\n" if [ -f $(DOTCONFIG) ]; then \ echo "# This image was built using git revision" `git rev-parse HEAD` > $(obj)/config.tmp ; \ sed -e '/^#/d' -e '/^ *$$/d' $(DOTCONFIG) >> $(obj)/config.tmp ; \ $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add -f $(obj)/config.tmp -n config -t raw; rm -f $(obj)/config.tmp ; fi endif mv $@.tmp $@ @printf " CBFSPRINT $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n\n" $(CBFSTOOL) $@ print stripped_vgabios_id = $(call strip_quotes,$(CONFIG_VGA_BIOS_ID)) cbfs-files-$(CONFIG_VGA_BIOS) += pci$(stripped_vgabios_id).rom pci$(stripped_vgabios_id).rom-file := $(call strip_quotes,$(CONFIG_VGA_BIOS_FILE)) pci$(stripped_vgabios_id).rom-type := optionrom cbfs-files-$(CONFIG_INTEL_MBI) += mbi.bin mbi.bin-file := $(call strip_quotes,$(CONFIG_MBI_FILE)) mbi.bin-type := mbi cbfs-files-$(CONFIG_BOOTSPLASH) += bootsplash.jpg bootsplash.jpg-file := $(call strip_quotes,$(CONFIG_BOOTSPLASH_FILE)) bootsplash.jpg-type := bootsplash ################################################################################ # i386 specific tools NVRAMTOOL:=$(objutil)/nvramtool/nvramtool $(OPTION_TABLE_H): $(NVRAMTOOL) $(top)/src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/cmos.layout @printf " OPTION $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(NVRAMTOOL) -y $(top)/src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/cmos.layout -H $@ $(obj)/cmos_layout.bin: $(NVRAMTOOL) $(top)/src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/cmos.layout @printf " OPTION $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(NVRAMTOOL) -y $(top)/src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/cmos.layout -L $@ ################################################################################ # Common recipes for all stages $(objcbfs)/%.bin: $(objcbfs)/%.elf @printf " OBJCOPY $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(OBJCOPY) -O binary $< $@ $(objcbfs)/%.elf: $(objcbfs)/%.debug @printf " OBJCOPY $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" cp $< $@.tmp $(NM) -n $@.tmp | sort > $(basename $@).map $(OBJCOPY) --strip-debug $@.tmp $(OBJCOPY) --add-gnu-debuglink=$< $@.tmp mv $@.tmp $@ ################################################################################ # Build the coreboot_ram (stage 2) $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ram.debug: $(objgenerated)/coreboot_ram.o $(src)/arch/x86/coreboot_ram.ld @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" ifeq ($(CONFIG_COMPILER_LLVM_CLANG),y) $(LD) -m elf_i386 -o $@ -L$(obj) $< -T $(src)/arch/x86/coreboot_ram.ld else $(CC) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) -T $(src)/arch/x86/coreboot_ram.ld $< endif $(objgenerated)/coreboot_ram.o: $$(ramstage-objs) $(LIBGCC_FILE_NAME) @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" ifeq ($(CONFIG_COMPILER_LLVM_CLANG),y) $(LD) -m elf_i386 -r -o $@ --wrap __divdi3 --wrap __udivdi3 --wrap __moddi3 --wrap __umoddi3 --start-group $(ramstage-objs) $(LIBGCC_FILE_NAME) --end-group else $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -nostdlib -r -o $@ -Wl,--wrap,__divdi3 -Wl,--wrap,__udivdi3 -Wl,--wrap,__moddi3 -Wl,--wrap,__umoddi3 -Wl,--start-group $(ramstage-objs) $(LIBGCC_FILE_NAME) -Wl,--end-group endif ################################################################################ # Ramstage for AP CPU (AMD K8, obsolete?) $(objcbfs)/coreboot_ap.debug: $(objgenerated)/coreboot_ap.o $(src)/arch/x86/init/ldscript_apc.lb @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) -T $(src)/arch/x86/init/ldscript_apc.lb $< $(objgenerated)/coreboot_ap.o: $(src)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ap_romstage.c $(OPTION_TABLE_H) @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -MMD $(CFLAGS) -I$(src) -D__PRE_RAM__ -I. -I$(obj) -c $< -o $@ ################################################################################ # done crt0s = $(src)/arch/x86/init/prologue.inc ldscripts = ldscripts += $(src)/arch/x86/init/romstage.ld crt0s += $(src)/cpu/x86/32bit/entry32.inc ldscripts += $(src)/cpu/x86/32bit/entry32.lds crt0s += $(src)/cpu/x86/fpu_enable.inc ifeq ($(CONFIG_SSE),y) crt0s += $(src)/cpu/x86/sse_enable.inc endif crt0s += $(cpu_incs) crt0s += $(cpu_incs-y) ifeq ($(CONFIG_LLSHELL),y) crt0s += $(src)/arch/x86/llshell/llshell.inc endif crt0s += $(obj)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.inc ifeq ($(CONFIG_ROMCC),y) crt0s += $(src)/arch/x86/init/crt0_romcc_epilogue.inc endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_ROMCC),y) ROMCCFLAGS ?= -mcpu=p2 -O2 $(obj)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.inc: $(src)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.c $(objutil)/romcc/romcc $(OPTION_TABLE_H) $(obj)/build.h $(obj)/config.h printf " ROMCC romstage.inc\n" $(ROMCC) -c -S $(ROMCCFLAGS) -D__PRE_RAM__ -I. $(INCLUDES) $< -o $@ else $(obj)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.pre.inc: $(src)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.c $(OPTION_TABLE_H) $(obj)/build.h $(obj)/config.h @printf " CC romstage.inc\n" $(CC) -MMD $(CFLAGS) -D__PRE_RAM__ -I$(src) -I. -I$(obj) -c -S $< -o $@ $(obj)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.inc: $(obj)/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/romstage.pre.inc @printf " POST romstage.inc\n" sed -e 's/\.rodata/.rom.data/g' -e 's/\^\.text/.section .rom.text/g' \ -e 's/\^\.section \.text/.section .rom.text/g' $^ > $@.tmp mv $@.tmp $@ endif # Things that appear in every board romstage-srcs += $(objgenerated)/crt0.s ramstage-srcs += $(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/mainboard.c) ifeq ($(CONFIG_GENERATE_MP_TABLE),y) ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/mptable.c),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/mptable.c endif endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_GENERATE_PIRQ_TABLE),y) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/irq_tables.c endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/reset.c),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/reset.c endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_GENERATE_ACPI_TABLES),y) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/acpi_tables.c ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/dsdt.asl ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt2.asl),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt2.asl endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt3.asl),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt3.asl endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt4.asl),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt4.asl endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt5.asl),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/ssdt5.asl endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/fadt.c),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/fadt.c endif endif ifeq ($(CONFIG_HAVE_SMI_HANDLER),y) ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/smihandler.c),) smm-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/smihandler.c endif endif ifneq ($(wildcard src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/get_bus_conf.c),) ramstage-srcs += src/mainboard/$(MAINBOARDDIR)/get_bus_conf.c endif ################################################################################ # Build the final rom image $(obj)/coreboot.pre: $(objcbfs)/romstage_xip.elf $(obj)/coreboot.pre1 $(CBFSTOOL) @printf " CBFS $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" cp $(obj)/coreboot.pre1 $@.tmp $(CBFSTOOL) $@.tmp add-stage -f $(objcbfs)/romstage_xip.elf \ -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/romstage -c none \ -b $(shell cat $(objcbfs)/base_xip.txt) mv $@.tmp $@ ################################################################################ # Build the bootblock bootblock_lds = $(src)/arch/x86/init/ldscript_failover.lb bootblock_lds += $(src)/cpu/x86/16bit/entry16.lds bootblock_lds += $(src)/cpu/x86/16bit/reset16.lds bootblock_lds += $(src)/arch/x86/lib/id.lds bootblock_lds += $(chipset_bootblock_lds) bootblock_inc = $(src)/arch/x86/init/prologue.inc bootblock_inc += $(src)/cpu/x86/16bit/entry16.inc bootblock_inc += $(src)/cpu/x86/16bit/reset16.inc bootblock_inc += $(src)/cpu/x86/32bit/entry32.inc bootblock_inc += $(src)/arch/x86/lib/id.inc bootblock_inc += $(chipset_bootblock_inc) ifeq ($(CONFIG_SSE),y) bootblock_inc += $(src)/cpu/x86/sse_enable.inc endif bootblock_inc += $(objgenerated)/bootblock.inc bootblock_inc += $(src)/arch/x86/lib/walkcbfs.S bootblock_romccflags := -mcpu=i386 -O2 -D__PRE_RAM__ ifeq ($(CONFIG_SSE),y) bootblock_romccflags := -mcpu=k7 -msse -O2 -D__PRE_RAM__ endif $(objgenerated)/bootblock.ld: $$(bootblock_lds) $(obj)/ldoptions @printf " GEN $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" printf '$(foreach ldscript,ldoptions $(bootblock_lds),INCLUDE "$(ldscript)"\n)' > $@ $(objgenerated)/bootblock_inc.S: $$(bootblock_inc) @printf " GEN $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" printf '$(foreach crt0,$(bootblock_inc),#include "$(crt0)"\n)' > $@ $(objgenerated)/bootblock.o: $(objgenerated)/bootblock.s @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -Wa,-acdlns -c -o $@ $< > $(basename $@).disasm $(objgenerated)/bootblock.s: $(objgenerated)/bootblock_inc.S $(obj)/config.h $(obj)/build.h @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -MMD -x assembler-with-cpp -E -I$(src)/include -I$(src)/arch/x86/include -I$(obj) -include $(obj)/build.h -include $(obj)/config.h -I. -I$(src) $< -o $@ $(objgenerated)/bootblock.inc: $(src)/arch/x86/init/$(subst ",,$(CONFIG_BOOTBLOCK_SOURCE)) $(objutil)/romcc/romcc $(OPTION_TABLE_H) @printf " ROMCC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) $(INCLUDES) -MM -MT$(objgenerated)/bootblock.inc \ $< > $(objgenerated)/bootblock.inc.d $(ROMCC) -c -S $(bootblock_romccflags) $(ROMCCFLAGS) -I. $(INCLUDES) $< -o $@ $(objcbfs)/bootblock.debug: $(objgenerated)/bootblock.o $(objgenerated)/bootblock.ld @printf " LINK $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" ifeq ($(CONFIG_COMPILER_LLVM_CLANG),y) $(LD) -m elf_i386 -static -o $@.tmp -L$(obj) $< -T $(objgenerated)/bootblock.ld else $(CC) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) -T $(objgenerated)/bootblock.ld $< endif ################################################################################ # Build the romstage $(objcbfs)/romstage_null.debug: $$(romstage-objs) $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld @printf " LINK $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" ifeq ($(CONFIG_COMPILER_LLVM_CLANG),y) $(LD) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) $(romstage-objs) -T $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld else $(CC) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) -T $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld $(romstage-objs) endif $(NM) $@ | grep -q " [DdBb] "; if [ $$? -eq 0 ]; then \ echo "Forbidden global variables in romstage:"; \ $(NM) $@ | grep " [DdBb] "; test "$(CONFIG_CPU_AMD_AGESA)" = y; \ else true; fi $(objcbfs)/romstage_xip.debug: $$(romstage-objs) $(objgenerated)/romstage_xip.ld @printf " LINK $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" ifeq ($(CONFIG_COMPILER_LLVM_CLANG),y) $(LD) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) $(romstage-objs) -T $(objgenerated)/romstage_xip.ld else $(CC) -nostdlib -nostartfiles -static -o $@ -L$(obj) -T $(objgenerated)/romstage_xip.ld $(romstage-objs) endif $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld: $$(ldscripts) $(obj)/ldoptions @printf " GEN $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" rm -f $@ printf "ROMSTAGE_BASE = 0x0;\n" > $@.tmp printf '$(foreach ldscript,ldoptions $(ldscripts),INCLUDE "$(ldscript:$(obj)/%=%)"\n)' >> $@.tmp mv $@.tmp $@ $(objgenerated)/romstage_xip.ld: $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld $(objcbfs)/base_xip.txt @printf " GEN $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" rm -f $@ sed -e 's/^/ROMSTAGE_BASE = /g' -e 's/$$/;/g' $(objcbfs)/base_xip.txt > $@.tmp sed -e '/ROMSTAGE_BASE/d' $(objgenerated)/romstage_null.ld >> $@.tmp mv $@.tmp $@ $(objcbfs)/base_xip.txt: $(obj)/coreboot.pre1 $(objcbfs)/romstage_null.bin rm -f $@ $(CBFSTOOL) $(obj)/coreboot.pre1 locate -T -f $(objcbfs)/romstage_null.bin -n $(CONFIG_CBFS_PREFIX)/romstage -a $(CONFIG_XIP_ROM_SIZE) > $@.tmp \ || { echo "The romstage is larger than XIP size. Please expand the CONFIG_XIP_ROM_SIZE" ; exit 1; } mv $@.tmp $@ $(objgenerated)/crt0.romstage.S: $$(crt0s) @printf " GEN $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" printf '$(foreach crt0,$(crt0s),#include "$(crt0:$(obj)/%=%)"\n)' > $@ $(objgenerated)/crt0.romstage.o: $(objgenerated)/crt0.s @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -Wa,-acdlns -c -o $@ $< > $(basename $@).disasm $(objgenerated)/crt0.s: $(objgenerated)/crt0.romstage.S $(obj)/config.h $(obj)/build.h @printf " CC $(subst $(obj)/,,$(@))\n" $(CC) -MMD -x assembler-with-cpp -E -I$(src)/include -I$(src)/arch/x86/include -I$(obj) -include $(obj)/config.h -include $(obj)/build.h -I. -I$(src) $< -o $@ seabios: $(MAKE) -C payloads/external/SeaBIOS -f Makefile.inc \ HOSTCC="$(HOSTCC)" \ CC="$(CC)" LD="$(LD)" OBJDUMP="$(OBJDUMP)" \ OBJCOPY="$(OBJCOPY)" STRIP="$(STRIP)" \ CONFIG_SEABIOS_MASTER=$(CONFIG_SEABIOS_MASTER) \ CONFIG_SEABIOS_STABLE=$(CONFIG_SEABIOS_STABLE) \ OUT=$(abspath $(obj)) IASL="$(IASL)" filo: $(MAKE) -C payloads/external/FILO -f Makefile.inc \ HOSTCC="$(HOSTCC)" \ CC="$(CC)" LD="$(LD)" OBJDUMP="$(OBJDUMP)" \ OBJCOPY="$(OBJCOPY)" STRIP="$(STRIP)" \ CONFIG_FILO_MASTER=$(CONFIG_FILO_MASTER) \ CONFIG_FILO_STABLE=$(CONFIG_FILO_STABLE)